An Introduction to Embedded Systems
Embedded computing refers to the use of microprocessors and microcontrollers in systems and devices that are not typically thought of as computers. Embedded systems are designed to perform dedicated functions, usually with a very specific set of requirements and features. At their core, embedded systems have a processor of some kind, memory, input/output devices, and internal buses that connect it all together. However, unlike general purpose computers, embedded systems don't have standard components like monitors, keyboards, and mice. Their processor is often specialized for the applications it runs instead of being a flexible general purpose CPU.
Common Examples of Embedded Systems
Smartphones
One of the most ubiquitous embedded devices today is the smartphone. Phones contain multiple microprocessors, sensors, memory, and peripheral interfaces all integrated into a single package. The baseband processor handles communications, application processors run Android or iOS, and specialized chips handle GPS, wifi, Bluetooth, cameras and more. Modern smartphones would not be possible without embedded computing.
Home Appliances
Nearly all modern appliancescontain microcontrollers and embedded systems to run basic functions and add "smart" connectivity. Refrigerators monitor temperature and inventory, stoves include timers and sensors, dishwashers automate cycles, and washing machines control spin and wash settings. Many appliances can now connect to wifi for remote monitoring and control via apps.
Industrial Machinery
Embedded computers control countless industrial processes and automated equipment. Factory assembly lines use embedded vision systems for quality control. CNC machines precisely cut materials guided by embedded controllers. Medical equipment like MRI machines rely on reliable Embedded Computing for complex tasks. The advent of Industry 4.0 is bringing even more connectivity and intelligence to factory floors.
Automotive Technology
Cars have become rolling computers packed with dozens of embedded systems. Engine control units precisely manage fuel injection, ignition timing and more. Infotainment systems power touchscreens and connectivity. Advanced driver assistance systems like cruise control use embedded vision and radar processing. Future autonomous vehicles will leverage immense amounts of on-board embedded processing power.
Wearables and IoT Devices
The quantified self and Internet of Things have driven demand for tiny low-power embedded computers. Fitness trackers, smartwatches and other wearables all contain microcontrollers, sensors and wireless radios. Embedded computers also control connected home devices, security systems, environmental sensors and more as part of the IoT.
Hardware Architecture of Embedded Systems
Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
At their core, embedded systems use either microprocessors or microcontrollers to handle computations and control functions. Microprocessors, like those in PCs, have external memory, buses and peripheral support chips. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory, peripherals and I/O on a single chip for compact designs. Due to integrated memory and peripherals, microcontrollers are commonly used in resource-constrained embedded applications.
Memory and Storage
Embedded systems use varieties of memory like RAM, ROM, Flash and sometimes hard disk drives or solid state storage. RAM provides temporary workspace while programs run. ROM and Flash endure permanently to hold the operating system and applications. Memory constraints are a major design consideration for embedded developers.
I/O and Peripherals
Specialized input and output interfaces connect embedded devices to the physical world. Common I/O includes GPIO pins, serial ports, timers, ADCs, DACs, sensors and actuator drivers. These peripherals provide methods to interact with external components like buttons, displays, motors and more.
Programming and Operating Systems
Embedded Programming Languages
C and C++ are by far the most commonly used languages for microcontroller and microprocessor programming due to their low-level control and efficiency. Other popular options include assembly, Java, Python, JavaScript and Forth depending on the processor architecture.
Real-Time Operating Systems
Adding multitasking capabilities through an RTOS can improve performance for applications with timing constraints. Popular open-source RTOS include FreeRTOS, NuttX, Zephyr and RIOT. VxWorks and QNX are widely used commercial RTOSs suited for safety-critical industrial and automotive systems. Bare-metal programming remains common on smaller 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers.
Toolchains and Development Environment
Manufacturers provide integrated development environments or IDEs to aid development. Common IDEs include IAR Workbench, Keil μVision, Eclipse and Visual Studio Code. Development often involves simulators, debuggers, compilers/linkers and other specialized tools. Over-the-air updates enable devices to be reprogrammed after deployment in the field as well.
Embedded computing shapes our modern world by powering the intelligent devices all around us. As technology advances in fields like IoT, AI and robotics, embedded systems will take on increasingly sophisticated roles. Future opportunities exist at the intersection of hardware, software and connectivity as engineers design the next generation of resource-efficient embedded processors. With dedicated applications and optimized architectures, embedded computing remains crucial for building innovative technologies.
Get more insights on Embedded Computing
Unlock More Insights—Explore the Report in the Language You Prefer
French
German
Italian
Russian
Japanese
Chinese
Korean
Portuguese
Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights.
(LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/alice-mutum-3b247b137 )